NAD+: What it is, how it works, and why people take it
NAD+ is a coenzyme that supports cellular energy production and DNA repair. Learn how NAD+ supplementation works, who might benefit, and what the evidence shows.
NAD+ is a molecule your cells make naturally. It plays a central role in energy production, DNA repair, and maintaining healthy cells. As you age, NAD+ levels decline. This is why some people take NAD+ supplements or pursue NAD+ therapy.
What NAD+ does
NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) functions as a coenzyme in hundreds of cellular reactions. Its main jobs are:
- Converting nutrients into usable energy through a process called the citric acid cycle
- Supporting DNA repair mechanisms
- Activating proteins called sirtuins, which regulate cellular aging
- Maintaining mitochondrial function, the cell's powerhouse
Why NAD+ levels drop
NAD+ production decreases as you age. By age 50, NAD+ levels are roughly half of what they were at birth. Stress, poor sleep, and certain medications can also lower NAD+ levels.
How people get NAD+
You can increase NAD+ through:
- Oral supplements (NAD+ precursors like NR and NMN)
- Intravenous infusions
- Dietary sources like mushrooms, whey protein, and yeast
- Lifestyle changes such as exercise and calorie restriction
The evidence so far
Research shows promise for NAD+ in animal studies and some human trials. Studies suggest potential benefits for age-related decline, metabolic health, and neurological conditions. However, human evidence remains limited. Most studies are small or ongoing.
Cost and access
NAD+ supplements range from affordable ($15 to $50 per month for oral forms) to expensive (NAD+ infusions can cost $250 to $750 per session). Insurance typically does not cover NAD+ therapy as it is considered experimental or preventative.
Talk to your doctor
NAD+ therapy is relatively new in clinical settings. If you are considering NAD+ supplementation, discuss it with your healthcare provider first, especially if you take medications or have underlying health conditions.